Parametric Equations, Polar Coordinates, and Vector-Valued FunctionsArea = 12∫αβ([R(θ)]2−[r(θ)]2)dθ\frac{1}{2} \int_{\alpha}^{\beta} ([R(\theta)]^2 - [r(\theta)]^2) d\theta
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Area = 12∫αβ([R(θ)]2−[r(θ)]2)dθ\frac{1}{2} \int_{\alpha}^{\beta} ([R(\theta)]^2 - [r(\theta)]^2) d\theta

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Last Updated: September 2026

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